???? ????? ?????

4 ?????? 2014 / ???? ????? / ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? 70 ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? 1542 ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? (1492-1975). ??? ??? 1821? ????? ???? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? (???? ??????????) ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? 1850? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? (1848-1855) ?????? ????????? ????????? (1846-1848) ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? 15 ????? ????? ?????? (?? ????? 681,442,308 ??????? ?? ????? ??????).

????? ?????? ??? ???? 1519 ?1821 ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? (??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????????) ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??21 ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? 966 ?????????. ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? 101 ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????.

??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? (??? 1786) ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? (??? 1804) ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????.